Predetermined Physiological Range - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1763 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Statistics Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Obesity Essay Obesity Essay Did you like this example? Every year in the United States there is a rise in the prevalence of obese people as well as obese children. There is much controversy though of what the underlying cause is of obesity in adults and children. In this paper I will focus on the roles of nature and nurture in childhood obesity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Predetermined Physiological Range" essay for you Create order Many people say that biology, genetics, and environmental factors have a huge role in this overwhelming number of obese children in the United States, but is there one with a greater influence than all of the others? For example statistics state that children have an 80% chance of becoming obese if their parents are both obese and a 50% chance of becoming obese if only one of their parents is obese (Benioff Childrens Hospital, 2018). Right now there are two sides to the argument of why there is an epidemic of obesity in children throughout the United States. The one side is nature in which we can look towards childrens specific genetic makeup, predetermined physiological range, genetic alterations, and advantageous gene selection to help explain childhood obesity. The other side is nurture in which we can look towards childrens physical inactivity, sociodemographic features, and their diet to help explain childhood obesity rates. There are many factors that contribute to childhood obesity, but is there a single factor that is more influential than all of the others? This is where the debate of nature versus nurture and their influence on childhood obesity begins. Nature- Genetics and ones Predetermined Physiological Range, Genetic alterations, and Advantageous Gene Selection On the side of nature leading to childhood obesity, there are various biological factors that have been discovered to cause obesity. In detail, the understanding that childhood obesity is caused by nature implies that ones own genetic inheritance influences a childs risk for developing obesity. Specifically, the genetic material provides the framework to develop an individual and is therefore important to examine when trying to gain a better understanding on the contributing factors to the obesity epidemic. In depth, obesity has been linked back to biological factors, such as ones genetic makeup by examining the bodys natural physiological ranges, genetic alterations, and advantageous allelic selection. Our bodys natural tendency to maintain a certain weight and stature, based on the amount of energy our bodies require, can lead to childhood obesity. According to an interview with Dr. Randy Seeley, director of Nutrition Obesity Research Center at MIT, our bodies have the ability to regulate fat via the hormone leptin. Leptin is produced by our bodys adipose cells to regulate the satiety and hunger centers in our brain, in which leptin travels to the hypothalamus to increase the satiety center (feeling of fullness) and decrease the hunger center (Cortell, 2014). This feedback mechanism tells us that our bodies have predetermined ranges for the amount of energy it requires to perform its daily bodily functions and activities. This mechanism is regulated by our fat cells, and can therefore stimulate the amount of food a child needs to consume, thereby leading to obesity in cases of positive energy intake. In addition to a predetermined physiological range for our bodies, alterations in monogenic genes may also lead to childhood obesity. As discovered by Wabitsch et al. 2015, alterations in monogenic genes, such as the leptin gene, have been found to lead to severe early onset of obesity in a two year old child. In this study, a congenital leptin deficiency was found to alter the regulation of the satiety and feeding centers in the brain, leading to increased eating habits, as well as alterations in metabolic processes. In detail, the LEP gene has been mutated, thereby altering the correct formation of the leptin protein, thus altering the pathway in the central nervous system by decreasing the satiety center and increasing the hunger center. As a result, this tells your body that you are hungry and encourages the intake of food. Furthermore, immediate normalization of eating habits was rapidly achieved, in this study, when the child was treated with leptin, and thereby resulting in weight loss. Although this case points towards severe obesity resulting from a congenital mutation, it is important to recognize that congenital defects in the Leptin gene are rare (2%) and that this is also a case report on a single child, not a large population. Not only can mutations occur in ones genetic material to cause childhood obesity, advantageous selection of monogenic genes in humans distant past may also lead to childhood obesity. In the past, it was found that monogenic genes were advantageous, especially during time of famine, therefore the thrifty genotype theory may explain why some children become obese. The thrifty genotype theory focuses on the advantageous selection of specific genetic alleles that allowed our ancestors to survive when scarce food was available. Due to the selection of these variations and the availability of food in todays society, individuals with these types of previously beneficial genetic variations are actually experiencing the harmful outcomes of obesity and subsequent comorbidities. Although few of these advantageous genetic variations have been discovered, some have been found and may therefore account for a subset of individuals who are obese (Southam et. al, 2009). Although there are various biological factors that have been discovered to cause childhood obesity and contribute to the obesity epidemic, only a subset of the population may actually be affected by these factors. As a result, the environmental factors may possibly contribute to the majority of cases of children with obesity, which will be examined next. Nurture- Physical Inactivity, Sociodemographic Features, and Diet On the other hand, nurture seems to play a much larger role in childhood obesity. As previously mentioned, a child whose parents are obese have an astronomical increased risk of becoming obese (80%), which may reflect environmental influences their parents play on their child (Benioff Childrens Hospital, 2018). In this case, nurture is referring to all the environmental factors that may have an impact on a child and may lead to obesity, such as physical inactivity, sociodemographic features, and/or diet. In the past decade, there has been a decrease in physical activity and a rise in obesity, correlating the two and most likely contributing to the obesity epidemic, especially amongst children. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it is recommended that children engage in 60 minutes of exercise every day to encourage a healthy lifestyle and reduce the risk for obesity as well as subsequent comorbidities (Healthy Schools: Physical Activity Facts, 2018). Unfortunately, most children are not meeting their recommended daily goal due to the increase in sedentary lifestyles, such as the shift from farmers and laborers to sitting in a classroom most of the day and focusing on studies, increased screen time on the computer or television, as well as influential behavior from family and friends (Pradinuk et. al, 2011). As a result, these environmental factors are decreasing childrens physical activity levels and are contributing to obesity. In addition to the increase in physical inactivity among school-aged children, a low socioeconomic status (SES), as well as racial or ethnic backgrounds, have been linked to a higher prevalence of obesity. Specifically, young children in these groups were found to eat a larger amount of food in a single meal, as well as eat less frequently than their school-aged counterparts. It is believed that these eating habits (eating less frequently, but consuming more food) early in a childs second year of life may influence their eating habits later in life in such a way that it may lead to over-eating, and ultimately obesity (Mcconahy et. al, 2002). Therefore, a childs sociodemographic has a large impact early in life. Along with the impact that sociodemographic features play on obesity, diet throughout a childs life, especially during infancy, has been found to cause obesity in children. For instance, a childs upbringing post-partum has been known to alter their microbiota. In turn, it was found that these alterations in their microbiota are connected to obesity. Although it is unclear whether variations in the microbiota are the cause or result of obesity, a connection between the two was found in a study by Kalliomaki et. al, 2008. This study compared children who were classified as obese to children of normal weight in the same age groups and were age-matched by the following features: birth method, BMI at birth, gestational age, duration of breastfeeding, use of antibiotics, probiotic supplementation, and atopic sensitization. It was found that children with higher levels of Bifidobacterium species in their microbiota were of normal weight, whereas higher levels of Staphylococcus aureus numbers were found in children with obesity. Therefore, environmental influences play an important role in influencing a childs health as well as health outcome, such as obesity. Overall, a shift in the Western society poses various environmental challenges that have been found to contribute to childhood obesity, such as an increase in physical inactivity, sociodemographic features, and diet. Thus far, it seems as if nurture plays a much larger role in the obesity epidemic. Conclusion- Nature and Nurture in Harmonious Interplay Although most cases of children with obesity may result from influences on their nurture, who is it to say that they single-handedly cause childhood obesity. There may be a synergistic type of effect, in which an individuals genetic makeup may put a child at risk for obesity and on top of that environmental influences may drastically increase this risk. For instance, every individuals body makeup is predetermined by their genetics, in which ones genetics may interact environmental factors, such as stress, drugs, etc., that may alter their genetics, specifically a genes expression. It is impossible to eliminate ones genetics, so although it seems as if nurture plays a larger role in leading to childhood obesity, it may have a synergistic interaction with nature. For this reason, I believe that nature and nurture are in a harmonistic interplay when it comes to childhood obesity. That being said, since environmental influences play a huge impact on childhood obesity, whether it be adjoined with nature or alone, as a society, we can easily help prevent childhood obesity and stop the obesity epidemic. In addition, our families play a huge and important role in our development, making this is a great starting point to prevent childhood obesity. For instance, it was found that tackling obesity as a family greatly improves physical activity and encourages healthy weight loss (Healthy active living for children and youth, 2002). At large, both nature and nurture factors need to be addressed, in regard to childhood obesity, to help diminish their influence on the obesity epidemic, as well as subsequent health problems.

Should Smoking Be Banned Public Places - 941 Words

To Smoke or Not to Smoke There are many reasons why individuals choose to smoke despite the warnings and dangers. Smokers normally start from a young age trying to fit in with the crowd, look older, rebelliousness, or just experimenting. As these individuals get older they try to cope with the stresses of everyday life by continuing to smoking. It makes them feel more relaxed and at ease. Whatever the reason is, it is a hard habit to break once one starts. For many smokers today it is getting hard to find a place to smoke. Comedians joke about going to another planet just to light up. Smoking should be banned in public places because smoking is just as bad for nonsmokers as it is for smokers. The effects of secondhand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke could be life threating. The first report of the Surgeon General s Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health was released on January 11, 1964. The committee concluded that cigarette smoking was a cause of lung cancer and lar yngeal cancer in men, a probable cause of lung cancer in women, and the most important cause of chronic bronchitis (cdc.com). According to a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries approximately 21,000 deaths of lung cancer could be attributed to second hand smoking (Pallis, et al. 494). Emphysema is another smoking related disease, which is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies have been conducted in mice to correlate the serum cotinine level withShow MoreRelatedShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?864 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is one of the practices which is considered highly dangerous to our health because it impacts the smoker and the people around them. There are approximately one billion smokers. Smoking is a big issue that the nonsmoker faces. For example, when the smokers smoke in public places like restaurants, universities and other public places it hurts the non-smoker. The non-smoker breathing the cigarette, marijuana or hookah smoke from the smoker do both of them are breathing toxic chemicals. In aRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?950 Words   |  4 Pagesday I walk in to public place with a friend right away we sat down to eat, we were having a conversation later we smell cigarette smoke in the air. I start coughing from the smell of smoke. I also notice a lot of customers who like eating dinner at a public place smoking cigarette. Smoking is a big health problem I feel it is not fair to take away cigarette for people who smoke in American who desire smoke cigarette. Even thought the same as the concession is able to be taking place on this topicRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?885 Words   |  4 Pagesday I walk into public place with a friend right away we sat down to eat, we were having a conversation later we smell cigarette smoke in the air. I start coughing from the smell of smoke. I also notice a lot of customers who like eating dinner at a public place smoking cigare tte. Smoking is a big health problem I feel it is not fair to take away cigarette for people who smoke in American who desire smoke cigarette. Even thought the same as the concession is able to be taking place on this topicRead MoreSmoking in Public Places Should Be Banned Essay474 Words   |  2 PagesSmoking in Public Places Should Be Banned I feel very strongly that smoking in public places should be banned. I will list my reasons for my thinking below and explain why I think this. I cannot stand walking down a street behind someone who is smoking. Every time they exhale I then have to walk into a cloud of their smoke. My clothes smell, because they have been saturated with the smoke, it gets into my hair too. It also affects my health. It was found that sevenRead MoreEssay on Smoking In Public Places Should Be Banned463 Words   |  2 PagesSmoking In Public Places Should Be Banned There should be rules enforced for smoking in public places. Smokers just do not know the negative influence they are spreading. A puff of cigarette can harm a smokers health. When I go to a restaurant I do not like to leave smelling like smoke. It is the same going to a garbage dump, and smelling like garbage. I am not a smoker, and I cannot stand having the stench of smoke on my clothes. The smell of smoke is not harmful, but secondhand smoke isRead MoreSmoking Should be Banned in Public Places Essays1464 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the past few decades it has come to light that smoking kills. The federal government mandates that every pack of cigarettes carry a warning on it that smoking can lead to health problems including death. But the messages are rather clinical, for example: â€Å"Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy.† Smoking is a danger to one’s own health but there is now evidence that smoking can affect others as well. Second hand smoke has been shown to cause cancerRead MoreEssay Smoking Should NOT Be Banned in Public Places730 Words   |  3 PagesSmoking Should Not Be Banned in Restaurants      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the perfect situation, smoking policy would be set by bar or restaurant owners, and customers would patronize the establishments with the policy they prefer. Customers would decide-without the governments help-if they want to avoid smoke-filled rooms or enter them. They might even choose to sit in an area sectioned off for smokers or non-smokers, but the ultimate issue is choice (Ruwart 1). When the government starts telling restaurantRead MoreEssay about Smoking In Public Places Should be Banned766 Words   |  4 Pages Do you mind people smoking around you in public places? According to the pro-smoking group Air Initiative 7 in 10 of you do. Do you think it is fair to discriminate against smokers, forcing them to stand outside and smoke? On the other hand is it fair that non-smokers should have to inhale second hand smoke which can dame their health? (Do you support this ban or do you oppose it?) Personally I oppose it as I believe that non-smokers shouldn†™t be subjected to a smoky environment on a night out.Read MoreNationwide Smoking Ban: Smoking Should be Banned in All Public Places899 Words   |  4 Pagesthe public about its dangers in 1972 (Schick Glantz, 2005). Do people knowingly have the right to put others’ health at risk? No, they do not. Exposure to cigarette smoke is a public health risk. Therefore, smoking should be banned in all public places, nationwide. There has been no attempt to impose a national smoking ban by the U.S. government. All current bans are in place because of state and local legislation. Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights lists the various state and local smoking lawsRead MoreEssay about Smoking Should be Banned in All Public Places1133 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking Should be Banned in All Public Places Every year thousands of people die because of having cancer or other tobacco related illnesses due to smoking. Smoking is seen everywhere from our own television screens to even the world wide web; the internet. Tobacco is the substance that is in these cigarettes. These tobacco products are promoted through tobacco ads that are found almost everywhere you turn. They are in magazines, television screens, on the internet

How to Build Social Media Campaign Free Essays

How to build social media campaignHow to build an effective social network marketing campaign By :- Gaurav Shah (39) Abstract- Social media is growing rapidly, a study conducted shows that 79 % of big corporation leverage social media to engage their customers and they are using innovative ways to build buzz, foster communication, improve products, and cultivate long-term brand awareness and consumer trust. It doesn’t matter whether you’re a seasoned producer of award-winning viral campaigns or are just learning how to create a  Facebook  profile. The beauty of social media is that you don’t need experience; you only need to learn a few basic rules. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Build Social Media Campaign or any similar topic only for you Order Now Social media is not so much a new idea as it is a way to communicate ideas, and the nature of a good idea hasn’t changed. The same marketing principles from 50 years ago apply today; they are simply communicated in a different way. The basic principles behind a successful social-media campaign – engaging content and authenticity – apply whether you are launching a celebrity-driven viral campaign or a simple online contest to drive website traffic. Designing the campaign, from concept to content to delivery, is where you can be creative; to design a good one requires careful analysis of your goals and your target audience’s behavior in order to deliver a message that engages in the most effective and interesting way possible. Still, even with so many variables, most successful social media campaigns are modeled after prototypes that employ proven promotional tactics and conventional marketing psychology. The challenge is not so much in the concept, but rather in its execution. 1. Raise brand awareness by hosting an online game or contest. 2. Drive valuable traffic to your social network with a free giveaway. 3. Grow consumer loyalty by giving consumers a stake in your brand. 4. Build brand equity by aligning with a higher purpose. How to cite How to Build Social Media Campaign, Essay examples

Social Work and Love of Humanity

Question: 1. Which practical and technical skills enhanced your creativity and resilience during your field placement? 2. With reference to the BHCS program, which units/learning material has been useful to maximise your field placement experience? 3. With regards to your individual field placement, which new skills have you aquired and which factors determined this process? Answer: 1. Practical and technical skills My intellectual skill was the main center in case of practical and technical skill that helped me in improving my creativity and flexibility at the time of field placement. The onsite professionals guided me to have a track of my own self-awareness in terms of emotions and capabilities. Moreover, I focused on Australian Red Cross so that it can motivate to attend English classes. On the other hand, I advised my supervisor to introduce drinks and food to boost the people to attend class. I faced some challenges on certain levels during my placement to reach out to professionals and colleagues but this helped me know my own capabilities. Apart from that, I gave one suggestion to my facilitator of football that instead of playing football for 45 min we can plan for 30 min and the remaining 15 min can be used for giving English lecture. Therefore, slowly we can encourage them to attend English session along with continuing lesson. Thus, I can point that my creativity thinking helped in i mproving my resilience. 2. Units or Learning Material The major units of BHCS program have been productive to boost my field placement experience. The Dynamic of Group Work, Working with Community and Developing community and Social Policy were effective to provide me better experience. The Australian Red Cross Migration Support Program was valuable in providing support to immigration detainees, refugees, asylum seekers, etc. Therefore, group was formed in order to attain the expected objective (D'Cruz and Stagnitti, 2009). On the other hand, the Australian Red Cross was involved in community development. It worked for saving the life of the people and provided necessary medical aids such as blood donation to people having emergency condition (Briskman, 2005). The clients that were highly vulnerable, health and welfare support was provided. Apart from that, Australian Red Cross provided benefit to disadvantage people for implementing social policy (Duffy, 2010). Therefore, I worked with 14 people of different nationalities so that stron g relationship can be build. 3. New Skills acquired During my placement phase, I consider myself lucky to attend professional development training along with onsite psychologists. I was able to address the emotional intelligence and was able to arrive at conflict resolution which really helped me in working effectively in worst environment situation. On the other hand, I learnt different personal and professional skill at my placement area. I developed a flexibility characteristic in myself in the event of changing environment and it helped in me placing my personal and political emotion. Moreover, I did not let my emotional feeling to come into play while making tough decision. However, I discovered communication skills while working with Australian Red Cross. I carried telephonic questionnaire with the clients of Red Cross to know their feedback. The interpersonal skill was gained which helped me in interacting with the clients and providing solution to their issues and problems. I discovered leadership skill in me and participated in organizing function, meeting, etc. Further, I generated support skill feature and provided ample support and guidance to the clients. References Briskman, L. (2005). Reclaiming humanity for asylum-seekers: A social work response. International Social Work, 48(6), pp.714-724. D'Cruz, H. and Stagnitti, K. (2009). When parents love and don't love their children: some children's stories. Child Family Social Work, 15(2), pp.216-225. Duffy, M. (2010). "We are the Union": Care Work, Unions, and Social Movements. Humanity Society, 34(2), pp.125-140.

Teaching Essay Example

Teaching Essay Teaching Name: Institution: Teaching We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What Does It Mean to Teach (or Practice) Responsibly? Personally, the ideal of responsible practice in my context implies a collaborative approach towards facilitating learning. In my practice context, I have come to understand that working closely with students plays a crucial part in facilitating learning. Traditionally, teachers hardly developed personal associations with students. This factor is also similar to the structure of bureaucratic organizations. Such organizations de-emphasized relations between managers and their employees. As such, students never got the opportunity to interact and suggest propositions that may actually assist in mitigating their problems. Nonetheless, in my years of teaching, I understood that students form the core part of education. Without students, teachers would be an abstract part of society. The same applies for organizations; the main asset for firms comprises employees. A firm would be irrefutably useless if it discarded the input its employees contributed to its performance. My ideal of responsible practice involves developing a relationship with the students. Teachers and students both have certain purposes and goals. Students usually pursue education in order to secure stability in their future lives. On the other hand, teachers engage in teaching for a variety of purposes that range from fulfilling materialistic objectives to gratifying their passion for engaging in the field. Nonetheless, within my practice context, the ideal responsible practice focuses primarily on the achievement of success on the part of students. Engaging in a collaborative approach allows students to formulate relationships with teachers thus allowing them to voice out their opinions and even engage in critical thinking. As such, I believe that the purpose of responsible practice in my context should entail learner autonomy. I believe that learner autonomy and collaborative approach integrate perfectly to create the ideal responsible practice. Even though there is no single definition for the aspect, Balcikanli (2010) defines learner autonomy as self-instruction and independent direction among students. Regardless of its application in language teaching, I consider this aspect as rational towards ideal responsible teaching. In addition, instituting a collaborative approach will actually allow students to instruct themselves especially in solving problems. For instance, integrating the Socratic Method would be highly beneficial in facilitating this approach. Socratic Method allows students to exercise critical thinking concerning a certain subject matter. Usually, the teacher presents the students with informal and critical questions that give students the freedom to brainstorm. Such a concept is definitely impossible to apply without the integration of a collaborative approach between students and teachers. Furthermore, collaboration between the teacher and student may lead to a healthy interactive association between both parties (Ahlstrom, 2003). As such, an ideal responsible practice ascertains a bond between the student and the teacher in my retrospect. Another purpose that constitutes an ideal responsible practice involves cultural responsiveness. Since my ideal practice implies a collaborative approach, the rationale that would stem from this comprises cultural openness. In my years of teaching, I have encountered students originating from numerous cultures. At first, it was difficult to teach such students based on the different cultural symbols their cultures dictated. For instance, pointing a Japanese student, to my realization, implied accusation. Additionally, staring directly in the faces of Italian students was wrong since it denoted disrespect. From such experiences, I believe that an ideal responsible practice should imply a purpose involving cultural responsiveness. Cultural responsiveness involves exuding awareness and sensitivity to other cultures (Mansour, 2009). A collaborative approach will ensure that students from different cultures interact in problem resolution via brainstorming and other learning techniques. On my part, this will allow me to include culturally responsive teaching as a personal goal. Culturally responsive teaching involves the use of cultural knowledge, earlier experiences and performance approaches of different students in order to ensure appropriate and effective learning. This type of teaching exploits the strengths of students from various cultures. As such, my ideal practice, in facilitating collaborative approach, will allow students from a miscellany of cultures to interact. That way, students will also learn considerably from each other’s experiences. Furthermore, the students will also be able to create identity groups and thus attain a single and uniform identity in learning. According to Appiah (2005a), social factors such as race, culture and ethnicity are responsible for identity. As such, applying this concept positively for the mentioned purpose, the cultures of students will enable them to determine their identities individually and collectively as a group. In addition, being aware of one’s culture enables one to appreciate the diffe rences each possesses. This will also apply for my ideal responsible practice. Personal values should also constitute a significant part of my ideal responsible practice. In my delineation, personal values describe an individual’s sense of what is good and what is evil (Appiah, 2005b). They comprise the common expression of that which is important to me as a person. Consequently, such values are essential to my practice. In my respective practice context, values are significant based on the purposes that my practice embraces. For instance, a personal value such as effectiveness is crucial in my ideal responsible practice. Effectiveness, in this case, implies possessing the aptitudes to gauge student learning naturally and work together with students to devise instruction. My responsible practice should express effectiveness in facilitating learning. My ideal practice should allow me to facilitate learning by developing and evaluating proficiency among my students. This evaluation will be possible through experiences that comprise both formal and informal learning. Effectiveness will assist in measuring and valuing learning in official and unofficial contexts. The progress among students will base on the demonstration of mastery instead of the hours students put in class. Additionally, by expressing effectiveness, my ideal practice will engage every student with significant and meticulous content; inculcate their interests, advantages and experiences. Furthermore, the practice will express effectiveness by allowing students and teachers to engage in learning throughout the year. For instance, during holiday breaks, my practice context will enable me to meet the needs of students facing particular problems in their respective field of learning. That way, students will tend to acquire assistance and simultaneously, increase their capacity of understanding and performance within their learning contexts. In addition, by expressing effectiveness, my practice will comprise an ideal environment that will aid students in augmenting various learning asp ects. For instance, it will assist them in increasing their academic knowledge and originality skills. Leadership is also another value suitable for my ideal responsible practice. In this context, leadership implies the management of learning naturally especially among students and peers alike. Since my practice context assumes a collaborative culture, leadership in this case involves sharing responsibility (Martin, 2000). Sharing responsibility among teachers especially for student welfare and learning will provide a platform for involving collective decision-making. Leadership via collective decision-making will use classroom proficiency in order to advance the effectiveness among students. Therefore, there is evident correlation between the values of leadership and effectiveness in my ideal responsible practice. Furthermore, my ideal teaching environment should express leadership through collaborative associations. Teachers and administrators should assume a shared relationship illustrated by collective decision-making and responsibility. Teachers should also presume responsibiliti es that incorporate leading and teaching. This involves working closely with students as well as respective teachers and teacher leaders. My ideal responsible practice should also reflect a strong relationship between my students and me. This relationship should arise from the incorporation of a collaborative association between both of us. Regardless of students viewing me as an authority figure, it is imperative that students also view me as their friend. Usually, students face various issues that do not involve their lives in their classroom. Most of these students face issues that emanate from their social lives. Such issues comprise significant problems such as marital cases, financial problems, racism and bigotry as well as insignificant problems such as stereotyping. These issues pose considerable implications on students. Such implications affect their performance in class as well as their social performance. Therefore, an ideal responsible practice should empower teachers and students to develop relationships. These relationships will cater to the academic and social aspect of students. For instance, a mentori ng relationship will be tremendously beneficial in directing students facing social issues. Certain behaviors will also express my ideal responsible practice. One of the main behaviors that my practice should express is empathy. I believe that empathetic behavior is important in my definition of an ideal responsible practice. An empathetic behavior allows the teacher to envision himself in the eyes of the student. This particular behavior allows the teacher to formulate a formidable relationship between the student and teacher. By expressing empathy, the teacher will understand certain aspects of his different students. For instance, empathetic behavior will enable me to understand the problems some of my students. This factor will be crucial in furthering a mentoring relationship between my students and me. Additionally, sympathetic and understanding behaviors also express my ideal responsible environment. Normally, students associate with teachers that are sympathetic and warm towards them. As such, a teacher in my ideal environment should be sympathetic especially in cas es where students possess different levels of comprehending subjects. My actual practice does not quite equate with my ideal practice. Most of the factors that contribute to this disparity are actually uncontrollable and comprise institutional, organizational and personal aspects. Factors such as organizational culture make it difficult to create the ideal responsible practice. Organizational culture simply implies the behaviors expressed by persons within an organization. Additionally, it also involves the connotations that individuals append to their acts. Organizational culture is a formidable factor in creating this disparity especially in terms of the status quo (Mansour, 2009). For instance, organizations that embrace a bureaucratic culture hardly entertain sympathetic and empathetic behaviors. As a result, attempting to change such a culture by advocating for such behaviors only exudes resistance from members of the organization. In addition, other factors also illustrate the disparity between my ideal responsible environment and the actual prac tice context. For instance, aspects such as competition for intangible resources such as respect. More factors comprise student attitudes towards teachers as well as a weak student-teacher relationship. Reasons for the Gap between the Ideal and the Reality One of the main factors affecting my ability to practice responsibly involves the institutional aspect. In delineation, Scott (2001, 49) defines institutions as â€Å"multifaceted, durable social structures, made up of symbolic elements, social activities, and material resources†. Based on their composition, institutions affect social life and thus embody the fabric of the social life of an individual. They offer rigidity regardless of the dynamic changes in the environment. Conclusively, institutions comprise structures that govern individual behavior in a respective community. For instance, rules gain regard as institutions since they govern the behavior of persons in any given society. Additionally, other abstract concepts such as culture also receive definition as institutions because of the control they possess over individuals in certain settings. One common feature of institutions and their effect in this particular case involves their ability to express autonomy over i ndividuals in a setting. Even though institutions such as organizations originate from people, institutions actually end up assuming self-organization even above humans. This is evident in this situation. An institution such as culture controls the employees’ conscious intentions. Since the organization assumes a bureaucratic culture, it is exceedingly difficult to initiate an ideal teaching environment. This is because this culture governs the norms and behaviors of students alike. As such, teachers do not even attempt to change the way they associate with other students. Accordingly, administrators and teacher leaders also exercise an authoritative relationship with teachers. Furthermore, this culture only remunerates teachers on piecework basis. Consequently, once teachers are through with their classes, they do not spend supplementary time finding out the welfare of the students since it is not within their pay schedule. As a result, such adaptations exemplified by the culture restrict me from act ing responsibly within my respective practice context. Another factor affecting the ability to act responsibly involves the organizational aspect. The grounds for the disparity between the ideal and actual environment involves the relations between members of the organization. As mentioned, institutions govern an individual’s social life. An organization is also an institution that governs employees based on their activities. In my case, the bureaucratic culture plays a vital role in creating the disparity. Additionally, the culture also plays an important role in distinguishing the organization in the form of a system. According to Scott (2003), the organization stands out as a rational, natural or open system. However, in this case, the organization is actually a closed system because of its stance on formality. In this environment, there is lack of interdependence between teachers and administrators. Additionally, it also differentiates between formal and informal structures. As such, students face difficulty in attempting to i nduce informal relationships with their teachers, as well as other members of the teaching staff within the school. The last factor that affects acting responsibly comprises the personal aspect. This aspect mainly focuses on me as an individual in my practice context. Because of the influence of the institution on the environment, it is difficult for me to adopt certain behaviors especially with my students. At times, my easygoing nature allows me to interact with them informally and at least induce comfort among them. However, it becomes hard for me to mentor them based on the different roles both of us possess. My position as a teacher, emphasized by the organization, hinders me from reaching down to the students. As a result, I hardly employ empathy since I lack a mentoring relationship with my students. Additionally, the students seclude themselves in terms of their background. Such backgrounds are mostly racial. According to Appiah (2005), social factors reflect a person’s identity. This elucidates the reason why these students seclude themselves in such groups. The interaction between these aspects influences the ability to practice responsibly. Mainly, the interactive forces affecting this capability comprise organizational and personal forces. Organizational forces mainly imply the structures put in place that limit collaboration between teachers and students. As implied, the organization distinguishes between formal and informal structures. As a result, it is difficult to induce shared responsibility especially between administrators and teachers based on these structures. Furthermore, these organizational forces also influence my personal doctrines. It is evident that external forces generate influence on the internal part of any system. Organizational forces such as hierarchical rigidity influence my relations with my students. Since students do not interact on an informal level with their teachers and leaders, it becomes impossible to interact with me informally on a significant basis. Furthermore, lack of shared responsibility among teachers and administrators discards students and teachers from assuming a collaborative relationship. Closing the Gap between the Ideal and the Reality of Responsible Practice The difference between the actual context and my ideal responsible environment requires a contribution of efforts to close the gap. These efforts represent opportunities that will assist in conjoining my ideal practice and the current practice. Additionally, these opportunities will focus on changing a certain part of my respective area of teaching which involves English Language Teaching (ELT). Nonetheless, exploiting these opportunities will undoubtedly lead to the occurrence of certain implications that will certainly have a positive or negative impact. The opportunities comprise: Implementing a Peer Review Program The implementation of a Peer Review Program will require the collaboration of both teachers and administrators. This will be the first step towards advocating for change in English Language Teaching. The program will focus on allowing teachers to evaluate and analyze practice, as well as increasing qualified learning plans in the practice area. Furthermore, the program will substitute the need for tenure. Within any organization, tenure comprises one of the crucial organizational factors. It comprises the quantity of time put in by an employee in a day. It comprises the piecework basis in the actual practice context. Nonetheless, implementation of the Peer Review Program will have an impact on the piecework basis system. To an extent, the program will actually eliminate the system because of its preferences and disparate framework from the actual system. The piecework basis places emphasis on the quantity of time a teacher dedicates in class. As such, it does not provide any room for improvement. Accordingly, it does not enable a teacher to visualize and assess her performance. This poses a significant effect on students since most of them are unable to voice their opinion concerning their teacher. This applies similarly in ELT. Therefore, applying the Peer Review Program will surely affect the organization. Accordingly, it will also influence institutional factors. This is because adopting this system will necessarily imply a change in the organizational culture. Such a change will definitely lead to resistance since it disrupts the status quo within the organization. Additionally, this implication will imply positively to me personally since it will enable me to gauge my performance within this related area. In replacing tenure, the Peer Review Program will offer opportunities based on improvement. Consequently, the program will also in providing prospects where there is insufficient improvement. Therefore, applying this program in my practice context will affect the entire organization as well other areas of teaching and learning in the organization. The program will lead to a steady dissolution of formal and informal structures especially among teachers and students. Additionally, the program will also assure a due process during dismissal processes. Therefore, by assuring due process rights among teachers in the organization via a just and transparent system, employment will continue based on performance. This will clearly bring a considerable change in the organization. Teachers will at least have a right in safeguarding their stances. Furthermore, the bureaucratic institution will also dissolve into a more democratic culture that will see teachers sharing responsibility in decision making with administrators and other leaders. Instituting a Teacher-Student Led Curriculum A Teacher-Student Led Curriculum program involves a learning schedule designed by both teachers and students. This opportunity will aid in closing the gap in my practice context. This curriculum will take advantage of the collaborative approach. This approach will involve both the student and me in determining the curriculum for the students. Usually, my class consists of adult learners who also have other priorities apart from school. Therefore, instead of using a rigid structure from the organization, it will advantageous for us to create a curriculum that suits our needs. Additionally, the Teacher-Student Led Curriculum will focus on areas that students feel present the biggest challenge. Thus, it will encourage the facilitation and contribution of ideas and suggestions that will ease English Language Teaching and Learning (Keiser, Kincaid Servais, 2011). One of the main implications arising from this will focus on my personal side. Developing a Teacher-Student Led Curriculum will enable me to interact on a personal level with my students. This is a factor that was difficult for me to exercise based on the organizational and institutional influence on teacher-student associations. Furthermore, working together within the students will allow me to develop an empathetic behavior. The curriculum will mainly focus on scheduling the timelines as well as determining the areas that require maximum attention. Thus, working on these factors will enable me to understand the issues that bother some of my students in relation to their class work and social life. For instance, when working on scheduling the time for the lessons, various students might have reasons that may force me to adjust the timeline in order to suit them and the majority. Implementing such a curriculum will undoubtedly receive resistance from organizational and institutional factors. This is because such a curriculum will mark the beginning of a liberal manner of teaching. This form of teaching will comprise contributions from students. Organizational factors such as hierarchical rigidity will impede this process. This is because applying a strategy will eliminate the power relationship between teachers and students. Additionally, institutional factors will also impede this effort. The bureaucratic culture, which is responsible for guiding norms in the organizations, will be under threat. This is because of the application of a curriculum that values student input, and in a way, allows students to exercise a democratic effort in determining their education. Furthermore, implementing the Teacher-Student Led Classroom will attract maintenance of the program over the long term. Irrefutably, the maintenance of the program will focus on assisting new adult learners in the ELT course. Learning English is difficult especially for adult immigrants who had little exposure to the language. Thus, the curriculum will also cater for these students in various ways. For instance, the curriculum will allow me to divide my classes between old and new students. This is because teaching them together will only confuse the new students further. While working collaboratively with the students, I will be able to assign a peer-reviewed teacher, possibly from my class, to teach the new students. However, this will also require me to apply Staffing. Staffing will involve the employment of more liberal teachers within my practice context. Therefore, an increase in the number of teachers will actually allow new students to receive the attention they need. References Ahlstrom, C. (2003). Collaborating with students to build curriculum that incorporates real-life materials. Focus on Basics: Connecting Research and Practice, 6(C), 1-7. Appiah, A. (2005). The demands of identity. In A. Appiah (Ed.), The ethics of identity (62-71). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Appiah, A. (2005). The ethics in individuality. In A. Appiah (Ed.), The ethics of identity (1-35). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Martin, M. W. (2000). Shared responsibility and authority. In M.W. Martin (Ed.), Meaningful work: Rethinking professional ethics (119-137). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Scott, W. R. (2001). Constructing an analytic framework I: Three pillars of institution. In W.R. Scott (Ed.), Institutions and organizations (48-70). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Scott, W. R. (2003). The subject is organizations. In W.R. Scott (Ed.), Organizations: Rational, natural, and open systems (18-30). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Annotated Bibliography Balcikanli, C. (2010). Learner autonomy in language learning: Student teachers’ beliefs. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 35(1), 90-103. There is a significant amount of research concerning the issue of learner autonomy. Generally, the notion of learner autonomy arose in 1981 and focused on concentrating on language learning. Therefore, Balcikanli illustrates the conceptions, misconceptions, review and research encompassing this broad aspect. Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for culturally responsive teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 53(2), 106-116. Gay focuses on the impact of culturally responsive teaching in contemporary schools. The author delineates this type of teaching and even focuses intently on broad concepts such as race and ethnicity that encompass the society and possess a profound effect on teaching and learning. Keiser, N., Kincaid, M., Servais, K. (2011). Using a collaborative leadership model in a teacher education program. American Journal of Educational Studies, 4(1), 5-20. Keiser, Kincaid and Servais discuss the use of the collaboration approach. They discuss the contrast between the Conventional Method of teaching and the Collaborative Approach and advocate for the leadership model especially in teacher education programs. Mansour, N. (2009). Science Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices: Issues, Implications and Research Agenda. International Journal of Environmental Science Education, 4(1), 25-48. Mansour integrates the notion of beliefs in the field of teaching. Even though the author illustrates research on the impact of beliefs in science, he also discusses the topic in general and applies other concepts such as culture and status quo that affect teaching.

Free Essays on How To Select And Advertising Agency

How to Select an Advertising Agency: A Structured Approach Below, I suggest a structured procedure for evaluating an advertising proposal or â€Å"pitch.† If you would like to see an example of the use of this procedure, see Armstrong (1996). To apply this procedure, use the Proposal Evaluation Sheet, available on the Advertising Principles homepage. This application relates to a bidding of the Subaru account. Ideal Selection Criteria: What the Clients Should Get I suggest an examination of 11 criteria when selecting an agency. To determine whether my list is comprehensive, I reviewed it with five experts. In all, they represent over 120 years of experience in advertising. One of these expert is currently a director of a large New York advertising agency, one had been the head of advertising research for a large consumer products company, one is the founder and head of a moderate-sized Philadelphia agency, and two are marketing professors who have worked for ad agencies. I asked them what is missing from the list and how would they weight these factors in the evaluation of an agency. Interestingly, the experts did not think anything was missing from the list. Also interesting was that they thought that each of the elements was of some importance. The average weightings across the five experts are provided in parentheses. 1. Planning techniques: Do they know how to plan a campaign effectively? For example, do they provide an effective time-line for developing a campaign? Do they consider alternative strategies? Do they have contingency plans? Did they plan this meeting effectively? Much evidence exists that formal planning techniques will improve the performance of an organization. Are they aware of this research and of the recommended procedures? ( 9%) 2. Objectives: Do they focus on your primary objectives? Do they know how to assess the effectiveness of advertising so as to be able to determine whether the advert... Free Essays on How To Select And Advertising Agency Free Essays on How To Select And Advertising Agency How to Select an Advertising Agency: A Structured Approach Below, I suggest a structured procedure for evaluating an advertising proposal or â€Å"pitch.† If you would like to see an example of the use of this procedure, see Armstrong (1996). To apply this procedure, use the Proposal Evaluation Sheet, available on the Advertising Principles homepage. This application relates to a bidding of the Subaru account. Ideal Selection Criteria: What the Clients Should Get I suggest an examination of 11 criteria when selecting an agency. To determine whether my list is comprehensive, I reviewed it with five experts. In all, they represent over 120 years of experience in advertising. One of these expert is currently a director of a large New York advertising agency, one had been the head of advertising research for a large consumer products company, one is the founder and head of a moderate-sized Philadelphia agency, and two are marketing professors who have worked for ad agencies. I asked them what is missing from the list and how would they weight these factors in the evaluation of an agency. Interestingly, the experts did not think anything was missing from the list. Also interesting was that they thought that each of the elements was of some importance. The average weightings across the five experts are provided in parentheses. 1. Planning techniques: Do they know how to plan a campaign effectively? For example, do they provide an effective time-line for developing a campaign? Do they consider alternative strategies? Do they have contingency plans? Did they plan this meeting effectively? Much evidence exists that formal planning techniques will improve the performance of an organization. Are they aware of this research and of the recommended procedures? ( 9%) 2. Objectives: Do they focus on your primary objectives? Do they know how to assess the effectiveness of advertising so as to be able to determine whether the advert...

Film Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Film Journal - Essay Example Moreover, there is Gorge, who has shown the interest of marrying Tracy. Moreover, we have the family of Tracy, and that is; Margaret, Dinah and Seth Lord. Also, there is the boss of the Spy magazine by the Kidd among other characters featured in the film. However, the primary objective of this study is to examine the plot Philadelphia story critically as well an analysis of the principal characters in the film. The director of the film introduces us to the Main characters by showing us their character traits. For instance, the director presents Cary Grant as a violent character in the play. His violence features are seen when he pushes Tracy down in their time of divorce. Moreover, Cary is seen to gullible for Kidd blackmails him to sneak Ruth and Jimmy ( Liz and Mike) to the mansion impersonating to be Junius, the son of Seth. On the other hand, Katherine is presented to be a violent and temperamental individual. Her characters are clearly seen when she smashes Dexter’s suitcase at the doorway during their separation. Besides, Catherine is seen to be arrogant towards other people’s weakness. On the other hand, Ruth is introduced as a secretive because of her silence on her last divorce and at the same time she is presented as a loving parson. Costume changes in the film have contributed a lot towards the presentation of the real characters, more so the ladies. The designer of costumes in Philadelphia story (Adrian) has a lot of positive comments as well as an excellent reputation for his great influence in the female fashion industry. For instance, provision of men’s wear to Katherine was the first most revolutionary thing that he did in the introduction of the film. Therefore, putting on means’ wear depicted Katherine to be a strong woman who can handle any challenge before her. Therefore, the designer designed Katherine’s’ clothes in that, they can show her braveness.

Anthropology is holistic in including the study of humans as both Essay

Anthropology is holistic in including the study of humans as both biological organisms and as cultural of social organisms - Essay Example Right from its definition, anthropology describes the study of all spheres of humankind. Anthropology studies the overall human society by examining the broad vista of the human life right from the origin of mankind to the modern forms of life taking into consideration various salient features such as the variations in cultural disposition in different societies around the world as well as the entire man’s social life. In addressing the complex human life, anthropology explores the corners of the entire block by dividing the human society into four main blocks which include: the human politics, the socioeconomic configuration of the human society, the religious perspectives in the diverse human life and the aspect of the general ideology in man. This gives a holistic perspective in elaborating the entire panorama in understanding man in his changing interrelationships with each other as well as with the surrounding environment. Besides, anthropology studies the contemporary so ciety by paying a keen visit to the man’s past or history and evolutionary processes further giving it a holistic approach in relating man’s past with the present in order to come up with an all round description of the human society giving it a better understanding in a chronological manner (Washburn). In dealing with the human society, anthropology views the society in two main perspectives: man’s biological environments as well as his cultural environments. The biological anthropology deals with the study of human origins from a biological point of view while the cultural anthropology studies man’s cultural backgrounds usually along a historical path. Biological anthropology as a sub branch of anthropology, deals with the study of the corporeal growth in human genus hence playing a very crucial role in the learning of human beginnings as well as in the identification and classification of human fossils to reconstruct the theory of man’s evolutio n from a scientific point of view. It borrows more from the human body capacity (anthropometrics), human genetics as well as from human osteology. Besides, anthropology helps in categorizing man and other primates based on the study of their brain evolution and development over time in order to come up with a chronological account in reconstructing the changes in human society (Marks). Moreover, biomedical anthropology as a sub branch of anthropology has also contributed immensely in the anthropological exploration of the biological world in relation to the medical field. Even though this is mainly well developed in the United States where biomedical anthropology holds a higher rank, the sub discipline adequately helps in relating medicine and anthropology by incorporating ideas and knowledge from the biological and medical anthropology sub-disciplines. Thus, it can be strongly argued that biomedical anthropology has contributed in improving medical and biomedical sciences through t he holistic integration of the cross- cultural, behavioural and epidemiological points of view on health related matters. As an academic discipline therefore, biomedical anthropology has been closely related to human biology. Biology can also be closely linked to the typological studies in anthropology. Typology in anthropology deals with the categorization of the human kind based on the physical traits possessed by each person. These include those traits that can be readily

Conceptual paper on marketing of your choice Research

Conceptual on marketing of your choice - Research Paper Example Sustainability is relative to the societal concept, which means that tourism resources must be under control to ensure an environment free from pollution. Besides, it focuses on depletion and must be applied appropriately in a way that benefit the future generation. With many concerns of environment, tourism industry has since adopted the concept of sustainability. As such, it has remained an important concept towards environmental sustainability. Mayon (2013), clarifies that there is a wide range of possibilities by, which the public spend holiday activities and leisure time. Touring and exploring the environment is one of the leisure activities that most people love. Whereas, some members of the public may decide to seek for the nature walk in the jungle far away from home, others may decide to utilize such an opportunity in luxurious hotels. Regardless of any form of leisure, precautions must be taken to ensure that its negative impacts to the environment are avoided. It has also been pointed out that tourism exert pressure to the environment around the destinations that are frequented by members of the public. In essence, a tour around coastal terrain causes an impact to the communities, especially around areas that are mostly dominated by visitors. In certain environments, hotels and lodges have been built taking up land that initially played an important host to both living organisms and the society that are also critical to the ecosystem. Besides, campsites and bone fire that are used as alternative accommodation to warm the environment during at night have also attributed to massive degradation of the environment. The above activities enhance the rate of landslides and depletion of water catchment areas. Eventually, the environment becomes even much more eroded when raw toxic wastes from restaurants are released into water bodies hence increasing the rate of

Is Poetry Dangerous For Human Society Philosophy Essay

Is Poetry Dangerous For Human Society Philosophy Essay At first, one may be surprised at Socrates notion that the peaceful and enchanting nature of poetry can have detrimental effects on society. In Platos Republic, Socrates attacks poetry by asking the essential question of whether or not the pleasure that poetry creates is good for us. Socrates speaks of an old quarrel between philosophy and poetry, which both greatly influence ethics, politics, and society. Socrates criticizes well-known and praised poets, including Homer, and the role of poetry itself in society by claiming that poetry is unjust and unethical. For example, Socrates states, The ones Hesiod and Homer told us, and the other poets too. They surely composed false tales for human beings and used to tell them and still do tell them (Rep. 2.377d). Socrates believes poetry is not an appropriate because it is written without reason but by inspiration alone, teaches incorrect values, is merely an imitation, and encourages excessive emotions from those listening. Socrates begins his argument by discussing proper education of citizens in the just city. Socrates compares the poet to a man in speech making a bad representation of what gods and heroes are like, just as a painter who paints something that doesnt resemble the things whose likeness he wished to paint (Rep. 2.377e). Poets only write from their own inspiration, not from reason or through any deep intellectual understanding. Their work only shows understanding in the material realm and not of the intellectual realm. Socrates claims that these poems not only contain many fabrications of the truth but fabrications that are held up as model behavior. A young child that is in the process of receiving his education should not be exposed to these stories because a young thing cant judge what is hidden sense and what is not; but what he takes into his opinions at that age has a tendency to become hard to eradicate and unchangeable (Rep. 2.378d-e). Socrates continues to say that the stories that children hear first should be virtuous and portray the gods truthfully by describing them as good. In Homers Odyssesy, the gods, such as Zeus and Athena, are depicted as tricky and full of deceit; Socrates claims all of Homers references about the nature of the gods as false because the gods are not capable of evil doings and do not want to alter themselves because each of them is as fair and as good as possible, he remains forever simply in his own shape (Rep. 2.381c). For instance, Athena is depicted as the ultimate trickster throughout the Odyssey because she appears to mortals in different shapes and forms, specifically when interacting with Odysseus and Telemachus. According to Socrates, Athena is not capable of this trickery that Homer bestows to her but is only capable of justice and good deeds. However, the entire basis of the Odyssey is that Homer was divinely inspired shown through the narrator saying, Speak, Muse (Od. 1.1). T his statement implies that the Muse speaks through Homer to construct the stories that make up the Odyssey. Nevertheless, Socrates believes that such poetry should be censored from citizens to protect the just morals in the city. Since citizens find it difficult to distinguish between what is wrong and right, role-models of the just city should be completely moral. Socrates fears that the stories of gods punishing, tricking, and lying to mortals will have a disadvantageous affect on children who may begin to believe that these actions are correct or even good. The aim of censoring tales is to instill the belief in children that just actions are admirable while socially unjust actions are dishonorable. Socrates furthers to expand his argument greatly in Book III. Socrates claims that poetry invokes excessive emotion that is not in accordance with reason and analyzes the ethical and mental effects of poetry. Socrates begins by saying that tales should be shaped in a way that does not depict Hades as a place full of terror but rather to praise it, because what they say is neither true nor beneficial for men who are to be fighters (Rep. 3.386b-c). Socrates is making a reference to the famous meeting in the Odyssey of Odysseus and Achilles in Hades. Achilles says that he would rather be a hired hand back up on earth, slaving away for some poor dirt farmer, than lord it over all these withered dead (Od. 11.510-513). Fearing Hades more than slavery is seriously detrimental to the success of a guardian because the guardian will have trouble maintaining strength and loyalty to his people in battle. The idea of Hades should be expunged in Socrates view because it is false and is not benefic ial for guardians, who have to show immense courage in battle. Also, Socrates warns against powerful emotions with the guardians by saying that they shouldnt be lovers of laughter (Rep. 3.388e). Socrates wants the guardians to strive for complete moderation with their emotions in all aspects of their lives. Poetry that is censored by philosophy can maintain this balance in the guardians and citizens of the just city. Socrates knows that poetry is needed to invoke emotion, but philosophy is needed to keep those emotions in moderation. With the two in harmony, the citizens can live a content life of moderation. Having dealt with the content of poems, Socrates now discusses the style of poetry that poets take. Socrates characterizes poetic narration into narratives that are either simple, produced by imitation, or both together (Rep. 3.392d). When the poet speaks with his own voice without meter, as in dithyrambs, it is simple narrative; when the poet likens himself to another man, as in tragedies or comedies, it is imitative narration (Rep. 3.394c). Socrates believes that each person in the just city can only do their best work in one activity alone. Therefore, no one can do a good job imitating many things. For example, Socrates claims that one cannot be both a tragic poet and a comedic poet (Rep. 3.395b). Nevertheless, Socrates ends by insisting that the guardians must not engage in imitations. If they do, the imitations they engage in must be righteous and not detrimental to their development. Since imitations, if they are practiced continually from youth onwards, become established as h abits and nature, in body and sounds and in thought the guardian children should only be allowed to imitate those actions of men who are courageous, moderate, holy, free, and everything of the sort (Rep. 3.395c). Socrates continues in Book X to completely rid poets from the just city. Socrates claims that the poets do not truly know what they are writing about because they have no firsthand experience or knowledge about their writing. What poets write about are far from the truth and maim the thought of those who hear them (Rep. 10.595b). Socrates attacks poets by saying that the poet knows nothing worth mentioning about what he imitates (Rep.10.602b). Socrates holds philosophical nature to be far superior to imitative art. Then, Socrates criticizes poets, especially Homer, for their lack of knowledge upon the topics they write about and therefore lack of any knowledge that can be gained from reading their works. Socrates also does not approve of how poets imitate the soul. Poets describe excessive emotions and ones that are not rational or in moderation. The lamentation of heroes in poetry brings enjoyment to those who watch, but Socrates says when personal sorrow comes to one of us, you are aware that, on the contrary, we pride ourselves if we are able to keep quiet and bear up, taking this to be the part of a man and what we then praised to be that of a woman (Rep. 10.605e). Even if the character is a fictional one, taking enjoyment in anyones suffering can corrupt ones soul. Socrates emphasizes the danger of irrational emotions to ones soul when he states that: And as for sex, and spiritedness, too, and for all the desires, pains, and pleasures in the soul that we say follow all our action, poetic imitation produces similar results in us. For it fosters and waters them when they ought to be dried up, and sets them up as rulers in us when they ought to be ruled so that we may become better and happier instead of worse and more wretched. These desires grow in ones soul to the point where one begins to imitate the actions of those on stage, causing one to become more miserable and unhappy. One also cannot understand the pain that the characters are going through simply by watching them on stage. They must experience it firsthand to truly know the emotions felt by those portrayed by the poets. Despite the dangers poetry imposes, Socrates regrets ridding the city of all poetry. He says that only so much of poetry as is hymns to gods or celebration of good men should be admitted into a city (Rep. 10.607a). However, Socrates cannot use these forms of poetry to convince Glaucon of the importance of philosophy so he uses a reformed version of poetry with the myth of Er. The myth of Er describes the alternative that Socrates wants for Hades. The myth opens by describing a strong man named Er who died in war but came back to life twelve days after his death to tell others about the eternal world (Rep. 10.614b). In the myth, heaven is described as a place where virtue is rewarded and unjust deeds were paid for ten times over for each (Rep. 10.615a). People are rewarded or punished for their life deeds every thousand years, and then are given the opportunity to choose their form in their next life (Rep. 10.615a-620a). Socrates here integrates Homeric heroes into this story without emotion to prove that wisdom and knowledge is the best way to enrich ones soul. The correct choice for ones form in his next life is only discovered by those who were just while alive. Socrates portrays Odysseus, Ajax, and Agamemnon all as philosophers who choose their next life form wisely based on events of their past lives. The philosophers know how to choose their new life, because they understand what was just and unjust in their past lives. Socrates ends by giving Glaucon hope in the afterlife and telling him to always keep to the upper road and practice justice with prudence in every way so that we shall be friends to ourselves and the gods, both while we remain here and when we reap the rewards for it (Rep. 10.621d). This type of poetry is much different than Homeric poetry because it provides a deeper understanding of ones soul. It provides hope and knowledge without excessive emotion or immoral actions. Socrates was completely correct in challenging the nature of poetry because its ideals were not in agreement with the positive upbringing of mankind. The world remains fascinated with pleasures that poetry provides even if it does not better them intellectually. The emotions and drama of poetry is to what humanity appeals. Even though Socrates tries to give poetry a philosophical twist with the myth of Er, this kind of poetry is not as appealing because the emotions and suffering experienced by others is absent. Plainly, humans like to view the despair of others because it makes their troubles seem less daunting. One can obviously see that the ancient quarrel between philosophy and poetry is still alive to this day. For example, the music of this generation definitely has a superficial meaning, but no deeper philosophical message. Without philosophical messages in modern poetry, the world continues to decline in its search for knowledge and the eternal judgment of the soul. Socrates work still applies today and his wisdom will last through the ages. With the help of Socrates, the world can work towards being one that is full of both knowledge and eternal happiness.

John Adams by David McCullough Essays -- Biography John Adams McCullou

John Adams, by David McCullough   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book, John Adams, by David McCullough, is a powerfully written biography of one of our nation’s greatest heroes. This biography explores Adams’ life in great depth, unveiling a side to his life unbeknownst to those who have never studied his life in great detail. Through diary entries, letters, and various other documents, the reader grasps a sense of what Adams’ day to day life was like, and is also able to grasp the enormity of his lifetime accomplishments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the battle for independence from Great Britain, the founding forefathers of our country came together, uniting for a common cause they would end up fighting for with their lives. Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Adams, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and many others take part of this panoramic chronicle of Adams’ life, all coming together because of their devotion to their country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In particular, of these men, Thomas Jefferson especially is exposed, and his relationship with Adams is explored, as it is a crucial fluctuating one. Though born opposites, they forge a relationship as diplomats, and as close friends, only after meeting and working together, however. In a letter to James Madison, before Jefferson first went to France to work with Adams, he likens him to a poisonous weed. After becoming great friends in Paris, however he writes back to Madison, â€Å"He is so amiable that I pronounce you will love him if ever you become acquainted with him†. Later on though, as the advent of political parties comes into being, and during the intense struggle for the presidency of the election of 1800, the two become archrivals. Incredibly, after this, they become close friends once again, and amazingly die on the same day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The other relationship described in great detail was that which he shared with his wife, Abigail Adams. Through all the times he spent away from her, working arduously for the freedom he was so determined to secure for the thirteen colonies, they stayed strongly attached, and wrote numerous letters to one another, many of which are shared. He writes to her while in Congress, one time sharing with her, â€Å"We live, my dear soul, in an age of trial. What will be the consequence, I know not.† She encourages him, giving him her approval and support, in one letter writing, â€Å"You cannot be, I know, ... ... to the realness of this man. This book was first published in 2001, in New York. Though probably released before the September 11 attacks, it is assurable that if it had been released after, the direct correlation of the American hero would be made of John Adams. I think that the author’s goal, in writing this book, is to present the reality of this particular co-revolutionary, which through all the primary documents especially, he was very successful in doing. The single most memorable thing that I learned about were the relationships that Adams had, with other familiar names. This book had really helped me to understand the happenings that went on in the life period of Adams, but also really just how all these historical co-revolutionaries and Founding Fathers were all related.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On a whole, I found that the scholarly reviews of this book were very positive. Most of the responses of other scholars were those of praise and commendation on such a great book, an interesting and valid view on the life of John Adams. Works Cited: Gelles, Edith. â€Å"The Adams Phenomenon.† November 2001. http:// www2.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=284001005599191.(05 January 2002)

Labor Relations Research Paper

MG420 DL Labor Relations Research Assignment (Arthur Crump) (September 27, 2009) Professor Stroud 1. Define and discuss the term â€Å"collective bargaining. † Include and discuss [showing relevance or applicability] a current web-based news item/magazine article about a real life example of a collective bargaining action. Write a succinct and complete summary on the contents of the article you've provided along with your critical comments about that article. Support your findings with referenced research. (5 points) The Honolulu Advertiser recently published an article which cites on-going contract bargaining negotiations between the University of Hawaii (UH) Professional Assembly (who represents the faculty) and UH (http://www. honoluluadvertiser. com/article/20090918/news07/909180373). Currently, negotiations are at a stale-mate due to UH submitting its final contract offer to the UH Professional Assembly asking for a 5% pay reduction as well as a 10% reduction in the state’s contribution to their health insurance premiums. Due to this final offer issuing an ultimatum stating that the university will be â€Å"unilaterally imposed if not accepted by the union,† may force the union â€Å"to take legal action or strike. † The reasons cited by the university for their terms are despite increased enrollment, they’ve experienced significant budget reductions. This article is a great example of collective bargaining because the faculty is afforded the opportunity to have some efficiency, equity, and voice (Labor Relations, pg. -12) regarding their work terms. Additionally, this article also displays the definition of multilateral bargaining which is negotiating between multiple parties which in this case include: Board of Regents, the UH president, and the State’s Governor (Labor Relations, pg 296) Unfortunately this particular case is affected by the economic element for the bargaining environment due to the reduced budget cuts. (Labor Relations, pg 286) 2. Identify three laws that support collective bargaining. Include and discuss [showing relevance or applicability] a current web-based news item/magazine article about each. Write a succinct and complete summary on the contents of the article you've provided along with your critical comments about that article. Support your findings with referenced research. (30 points) The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, also known as the (Wagner Act), supports collective bargaining by eliminating the disparities in equity between Labor and the Employer, as well as protects labor’s right to unionize should they so desire. This law was initiated due to previous legislation being ruled unconstitutional, and placed more emphasis on law for private sector labor. (Labor Relations, pg 166) The following link: http://stlouis. bizjournals. com/stlouis/stories/2009/08/03/daily52. html cites an article about the Lumiere Place and President Casino of violating labor laws recognizing the employee’s union as their bargaining agent by the regional National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), office in St. Louis. After reviewing this article in its entirety, this case evolved over an issue resulting from a misunderstanding by the employer as to the exclusive representation of the majority of employees, and the employer’s stance appears to stem from this requirement of the Wagner act. Another law designed to support collective bargaining and protect union members’ from corruption from its union leaders is the Landrum-Griffin act. A perfect violation of this law is the City of New York against New York City’s Carpenter’s union. See ad link at: http://www. nytimes. com/2009/08/06/nyregion/06indict. html. The union’s leadership is accused of accepting bribes by allowing contractors to rip off the workers, and in return, the union leadership would overlook these offenses and provide no representation which is totally contradictory to the purpose of union affiliation. The third law which supports collective bargaining is the Railway Labor Act. This law considered a win-win to both the labor and employers. It is considered a win to labor because it allows them to have bargaining rights despite being in an interstate industry which requires the employees to â€Å"work now and grieve later† concept: (http://www. papilot. org/media/rla. asp#What%20is%20the%20Railway%20Labor%20Act). As far as Employers and the Public, Congress implemented this act to protect the employer’s, employees, and the public’s interest since rail was the main transportation of the day, and any disruptions due to strikes would have had an adverse impact on interstate commerce as a whole. Th is law also covers parcel drivers for UPS and FedEx, but an amendment to the law was introduced to amend the law as it is now, to only limit individuals who hold an FAA-certified job. FedEx feels this would have a negative impact on its operations in the event of a strike by removing the work now grieve later concept from its other driver employees, and revert them back to the National Labor Relations Act. (http://www. joc. com/node/409948). 3. List four issues that are potential components of a collective bargaining agreement. Pick any two of the four issues you’ve listed and include and discuss [showing relevance or applicability] a current web-based news item/magazine article about each of those [two] collective bargaining issues in action. Write succinct and complete summaries on the article. Support your findings with referenced research. (18 points) The four issues that primarily make up a bargaining agreement consist of wages, benefits, layoff policies, and grievance procedures. Regarding wages and benefits, the following link refers to an article where an individual incurred an eye injury toward the end of his contract with the cruise line, and simultaneously, the cruise line which he worked for was undergoing a merger with another cruise line. The problem for the employee occurred because while he was out from work and the merger on-going, he felt that he was entitled to wages for the time which he was away due to obtaining surgery (sick leave). Since his contract expired 3 Oct 97, the district court which presided over the case ruled that due to the member’s closely approaching contract expiration date on or about 3 Oct 1997 in relation to the date of injury, he was not entitled to sick pay. Additionally due to the collective bargaining agreement in effect at the time of this member’s injury, the member was entitled to 63 days sick leave with pay under the original agreement. Since there was confusion as to which agreement was in effect due to the merger, this particular case was ruled in favor of the employer, and the employee wages claim for sick leave was denied. Definitely an unfortunate outcome for the employee since he was temporarily incapacitated from seeking additional employment, and hopefully a learning experience to have input with any future employment involving collective bargaining. (http://www. accessmylibrary. com/article-1G1-78635159/royal-caribbean-cruises-properly. html) 4. Describe the process of establishing a bargaining unit. Include and discuss [showing relevance or applicability] two current web-based news item/magazine article about any part of the process of establishing a bargaining unit. Write a succinct and complete summary on the contents of the article you’ve provided along with you critical comments about that article. Support you finding with reference research. (5 points) Establishing a bargaining unit has 8 steps each for both the employer and the union. The eight steps for the union consist of As capitalism continues to globe trot across China’s landscape, China is racing to establish unions in all fortunate 500 companies located there. Their recent accomplishment of setting up workplace unions in supposedly non-union Wal-Mart, led to them wanting to set up unions in at least 80 percent of the aforementioned companies and branches. Their current time-line calls for 10,000 workplaces to have new unions within 100 days. Additionally they are using a pattern bargaining structure from their Wal-mart feat (Labor Relations pg 291), in order to accomplish this enormous task. http://www. clntranslations. org/article/33/the-chinese-trade-unions-big-rush-to-set-up-unions-in-fortune-500-companies Two years after the All China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) accomplished a breakthrough to set up workplace unions in Wal-Mart stores, on 11 June this year, after holding a meeting in Beijing, it announced that it would immediately launch a campaign to set up unions in at least 80 percent of the Fortune 500 company headquarters and branches. Up until now only some 50 percent of these companies have unions. This means that, including unions in these company’s branches, more than 10,000 workplaces have to have new unions. This ‘100-day focused action’ as the ACFTU calls it, will be in high gear until the end of September. The announcement was made with a sense of urgency and determination. Local unions were also instructed to take legal action against any companies that refuse to accept having a union. 1 It would have been a tall order had this union federation edict been issued in a country where there is freedom of association, especially in a place like the United States where unionization is met with stiff resistance and where labor laws and unionization procedures make setting up workplace unions extremely difficult – if not impossible. But using the establishment of the 100 Wal-Mart trade unions as a template, this is a feasible mission. After initially using the secretive method of setting up unions at about a dozen Wal-Mart stores (see http://www. clntranslations. org/article/4/wal-mart), the ACFTU abandoned this new organizing method and reverted to using the ‘consultative’ method, that includes management in the setting up of the union preparatory committee and the subsequent election process. The new grassroots unionization method used for the first dozen Wal-Mart stores is time consuming and may end up with elected trade union executive committees and chairpersons making demands on the company. The ACFTU has always been using the ‘above-ground’ method which, in their view, has stood the test of time. In light of the ACFTU’s goal to set up more than 10,000 workplace unions within three months, it can be safely predicted that these unions will be heavily dominated by management. To illustrate what these new Fortune 500 trade unions will probably be like, CLNT has chosen to translate a report form the Suzhou Daily, 8 July 2008, which is a transcript of a round-table discussion by 10 workplace trade union staff members from some Fortune 500 companies that have already had trade unions. They talked about their experiences and offered their own opinions on what ideal trade unions chairpersons should be. There was a consensus that the union is to be a channel of communication between workers and management, that the trade union chair should have the ability to use a common language to talk to both parties, that the union is the agent for a win-win situation for the

buy custom Historical Context of Prison Epistles essay

buy custom Historical Context of Prison Epistles essay Epistles refers to the letters, in terms of Biblical books, that Paul wrote during his incarceration in Rome. Pauls forerunner, Jesus, brought him to Rome so that he could complete the mission strategy that he gave to his disciples before his ascension. According to the book of Acts chapter eight, Jesus addressed his disciples and informed them that they would be his witnesses in Judea, Jerusalem as well as in Samaria and other parts of the earth. Paul went to Rome to spread Gospel. Through his visit to Rome, the Gospel of Jesus was taken from Jerusalem, the Jewish capital to the Gentile capital, Rome. However, his apostolic activities in Rome did not work well as he expected. His activities were limited, and he never had any freedom of movement to spread the Gospel. Instead, he was chained and became under house arrest and strict guards (McGrath, 2006). Pauls imprisonment started in Caesarea some years later. He later took time and revisited the churches in Greeces Northern Province, Macedonia during his second journey as a missionary. From Macedonia, Paul traveled to Jerusalem through Miletus and Troas. On arrival to Jerusalem, the Jews, claiming that he had brought the Gentiles into the temple thus desecrating it, mobbed him ruthlessly. He was rescued by the Roman soldiers who took him into their custody. Paul was imprisoned by the Roman governor Felix for two years hoping that Paul would bribe him for freedom. During this time, he wrote the Prison epistles. The epistles were letters addressed to the Ephesians, Philemon, Thessalonians, Colossians, and Philippians. Most of these letters were about the relationship of these people with their God. Role of the Hoy Spirit according to Paul The Holy Spirit plays a pivotal role in the Christian lives. He gives Christians faith. He awakens the believers faith so that they may have eternal life through their knowledge of God as the only true God worth worshipping. The Holy Spirit is also responsible in drawing Christians to Christ through its grace. The joint communion between the Holy Spirit and Christ brings Christians closer to God. He helps Christians to love God. Through its power, Christians receive new lives in Christ, which enables them to love God the same way He loves them. The Holy Spirit helps Christians in knowing God. In First Corinthians chapter two, we are told that no one apart from the Holy Spirit can understand the thoughts of God. It helps Christians in their prayers. He enables them to pray the way they should do it. The Holy Spirit also intercedes for them in many ways. He promotes unity in the church. The Holy Spirit, The Father, and the Son are in one Trinity. The church is, therefore, also one or unified by the three Trinity. He acts as the churchs soul, that is, the Body of Christ. He directs the church in all His actions with a goal of proclaiming Gods Promised Kingdom. The Holy Spirit helps in the growth of the church. The Holy Spirit ensures that the church develops in order to continue with the Work of Christ (Son) whom the Father had commanded. He does this by giving blessings to the church like good clergy and other charismatic gifts. He helps Christians in their religious services (liturgy). He prepares them for the coming of Christ at the same time reminding them of the mysteries of the Christ before and after His death (McGrath, 2006). HHow Historical Context in the Wenham Textbooks and Epistles Relate to Jesus and Spirits Teachings in John 14:15-27 and 16:5-15 In John 14:15-27, Jesus address the people telling them to keep His commands if they love Him. He promises them to ask God, the Father to give them another Helper or Advocate who will be with them forever. The Helper, in this context, refers to the Holy Spirit. He says that the world or other people cannot accept the Lord because they do not know Him. He assures never to leave them like orphans. He also said that anyone who loves Him would be loved by the Father (John 14: 15-27 New King James Version). In John 16: 5-15, Jesus addresses his disciples before His ascension. He identifies their grief. He goes ahead to comfort them that His ascension is for their own good for if He does not go, the Advocate will not come. He outlines the roles of the Advocate as judges who will prove the world wrong due to their sins and acknowledge the righteous. The judge will look into two aspects, sin, and righteousness. Sin because most people do not believe in Him (Christ). Righteousness because He will be with the Father and nobody will see Him any more (John 16:5-15 New King James Version). Wenhams book analyzes the law book of the Bible, Leviticus. The author of the book tends to explain how people are being taught the Laws of Moses, Torah. Teaching involves the priests who explained, in detailed form the meaning of each law and its relevance. Those who break these laws were punished accordingly (Wenham, 1979). There is a similarity between the two references as both focuses on the upkeep of justice in the societies through judging the wrong doers (Wenham, 1979). Buy custom Historical Context of Prison Epistles essay

Free Essays on AIR-21

The Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century (AIR 21) Signed: April 5th, 2000 by Pres. George Clinton Preface "Without prompt action, the United States’ aviation system is headed toward gridlock shortly after the turn of the century. If this gridlock is allowed to happen, it will result in a deterioration of aviation safety, harm the efficiency and growth of our domestic economy, and hurt our position in the global marketplace. Lives may be endangered; the profitability and strength of the aviation sector could disappear; and jobs and business opportunities far beyond aviation could be foregone." - The National Civil Aviation Review Commission, Report to Congress, December 1997 Introduction The United States of America was facing the daunting task on how to address the issues facing our National Aviation System. The US Government passed The Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century (AIR 21) on April 5th, 2000. AIR 21 was intended to help address a lot of the issues facing out national aviation system by having measures to insure Safety in both our airports and skies, measures to help increase competition into the airline industry, and by having measure that ensure that money spent by our taxpayers toward the Aviation Trust Fund is spent towards the development off affordable and safe air travel. What is AIR 21? Entitled the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century or AIR 21, was intended to significantly increase funding to the nation's aviation over the next three years. Funding would be going to radar modernization and much-needed airport construction projects. AIR 21: QA comprehensive five-year reauthorization of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Airport Improvement Program (AIP). QAuthorizes over $59.3 billion, an increase of $14.3 billion. QIncrementally boosted the Airport Improvement Program from $1.95 billion to $4.3 billio... Free Essays on AIR-21 Free Essays on AIR-21 The Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century (AIR 21) Signed: April 5th, 2000 by Pres. George Clinton Preface "Without prompt action, the United States’ aviation system is headed toward gridlock shortly after the turn of the century. If this gridlock is allowed to happen, it will result in a deterioration of aviation safety, harm the efficiency and growth of our domestic economy, and hurt our position in the global marketplace. Lives may be endangered; the profitability and strength of the aviation sector could disappear; and jobs and business opportunities far beyond aviation could be foregone." - The National Civil Aviation Review Commission, Report to Congress, December 1997 Introduction The United States of America was facing the daunting task on how to address the issues facing our National Aviation System. The US Government passed The Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century (AIR 21) on April 5th, 2000. AIR 21 was intended to help address a lot of the issues facing out national aviation system by having measures to insure Safety in both our airports and skies, measures to help increase competition into the airline industry, and by having measure that ensure that money spent by our taxpayers toward the Aviation Trust Fund is spent towards the development off affordable and safe air travel. What is AIR 21? Entitled the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century or AIR 21, was intended to significantly increase funding to the nation's aviation over the next three years. Funding would be going to radar modernization and much-needed airport construction projects. AIR 21: Q A comprehensive five-year reauthorization of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Airport Improvement Program (AIP). Q Authorizes over $59.3 billion, an increase of $14.3 billion. Q Incrementally boosted the Airport Improvement Program from $1.95 billion to $4.3 billio...