Predetermined Physiological Range - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1763 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Statistics Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Obesity Essay Obesity Essay Did you like this example? Every year in the United States there is a rise in the prevalence of obese people as well as obese children. There is much controversy though of what the underlying cause is of obesity in adults and children. In this paper I will focus on the roles of nature and nurture in childhood obesity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Predetermined Physiological Range" essay for you Create order Many people say that biology, genetics, and environmental factors have a huge role in this overwhelming number of obese children in the United States, but is there one with a greater influence than all of the others? For example statistics state that children have an 80% chance of becoming obese if their parents are both obese and a 50% chance of becoming obese if only one of their parents is obese (Benioff Childrens Hospital, 2018). Right now there are two sides to the argument of why there is an epidemic of obesity in children throughout the United States. The one side is nature in which we can look towards childrens specific genetic makeup, predetermined physiological range, genetic alterations, and advantageous gene selection to help explain childhood obesity. The other side is nurture in which we can look towards childrens physical inactivity, sociodemographic features, and their diet to help explain childhood obesity rates. There are many factors that contribute to childhood obesity, but is there a single factor that is more influential than all of the others? This is where the debate of nature versus nurture and their influence on childhood obesity begins. Nature- Genetics and ones Predetermined Physiological Range, Genetic alterations, and Advantageous Gene Selection On the side of nature leading to childhood obesity, there are various biological factors that have been discovered to cause obesity. In detail, the understanding that childhood obesity is caused by nature implies that ones own genetic inheritance influences a childs risk for developing obesity. Specifically, the genetic material provides the framework to develop an individual and is therefore important to examine when trying to gain a better understanding on the contributing factors to the obesity epidemic. In depth, obesity has been linked back to biological factors, such as ones genetic makeup by examining the bodys natural physiological ranges, genetic alterations, and advantageous allelic selection. Our bodys natural tendency to maintain a certain weight and stature, based on the amount of energy our bodies require, can lead to childhood obesity. According to an interview with Dr. Randy Seeley, director of Nutrition Obesity Research Center at MIT, our bodies have the ability to regulate fat via the hormone leptin. Leptin is produced by our bodys adipose cells to regulate the satiety and hunger centers in our brain, in which leptin travels to the hypothalamus to increase the satiety center (feeling of fullness) and decrease the hunger center (Cortell, 2014). This feedback mechanism tells us that our bodies have predetermined ranges for the amount of energy it requires to perform its daily bodily functions and activities. This mechanism is regulated by our fat cells, and can therefore stimulate the amount of food a child needs to consume, thereby leading to obesity in cases of positive energy intake. In addition to a predetermined physiological range for our bodies, alterations in monogenic genes may also lead to childhood obesity. As discovered by Wabitsch et al. 2015, alterations in monogenic genes, such as the leptin gene, have been found to lead to severe early onset of obesity in a two year old child. In this study, a congenital leptin deficiency was found to alter the regulation of the satiety and feeding centers in the brain, leading to increased eating habits, as well as alterations in metabolic processes. In detail, the LEP gene has been mutated, thereby altering the correct formation of the leptin protein, thus altering the pathway in the central nervous system by decreasing the satiety center and increasing the hunger center. As a result, this tells your body that you are hungry and encourages the intake of food. Furthermore, immediate normalization of eating habits was rapidly achieved, in this study, when the child was treated with leptin, and thereby resulting in weight loss. Although this case points towards severe obesity resulting from a congenital mutation, it is important to recognize that congenital defects in the Leptin gene are rare (2%) and that this is also a case report on a single child, not a large population. Not only can mutations occur in ones genetic material to cause childhood obesity, advantageous selection of monogenic genes in humans distant past may also lead to childhood obesity. In the past, it was found that monogenic genes were advantageous, especially during time of famine, therefore the thrifty genotype theory may explain why some children become obese. The thrifty genotype theory focuses on the advantageous selection of specific genetic alleles that allowed our ancestors to survive when scarce food was available. Due to the selection of these variations and the availability of food in todays society, individuals with these types of previously beneficial genetic variations are actually experiencing the harmful outcomes of obesity and subsequent comorbidities. Although few of these advantageous genetic variations have been discovered, some have been found and may therefore account for a subset of individuals who are obese (Southam et. al, 2009). Although there are various biological factors that have been discovered to cause childhood obesity and contribute to the obesity epidemic, only a subset of the population may actually be affected by these factors. As a result, the environmental factors may possibly contribute to the majority of cases of children with obesity, which will be examined next. Nurture- Physical Inactivity, Sociodemographic Features, and Diet On the other hand, nurture seems to play a much larger role in childhood obesity. As previously mentioned, a child whose parents are obese have an astronomical increased risk of becoming obese (80%), which may reflect environmental influences their parents play on their child (Benioff Childrens Hospital, 2018). In this case, nurture is referring to all the environmental factors that may have an impact on a child and may lead to obesity, such as physical inactivity, sociodemographic features, and/or diet. In the past decade, there has been a decrease in physical activity and a rise in obesity, correlating the two and most likely contributing to the obesity epidemic, especially amongst children. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it is recommended that children engage in 60 minutes of exercise every day to encourage a healthy lifestyle and reduce the risk for obesity as well as subsequent comorbidities (Healthy Schools: Physical Activity Facts, 2018). Unfortunately, most children are not meeting their recommended daily goal due to the increase in sedentary lifestyles, such as the shift from farmers and laborers to sitting in a classroom most of the day and focusing on studies, increased screen time on the computer or television, as well as influential behavior from family and friends (Pradinuk et. al, 2011). As a result, these environmental factors are decreasing childrens physical activity levels and are contributing to obesity. In addition to the increase in physical inactivity among school-aged children, a low socioeconomic status (SES), as well as racial or ethnic backgrounds, have been linked to a higher prevalence of obesity. Specifically, young children in these groups were found to eat a larger amount of food in a single meal, as well as eat less frequently than their school-aged counterparts. It is believed that these eating habits (eating less frequently, but consuming more food) early in a childs second year of life may influence their eating habits later in life in such a way that it may lead to over-eating, and ultimately obesity (Mcconahy et. al, 2002). Therefore, a childs sociodemographic has a large impact early in life. Along with the impact that sociodemographic features play on obesity, diet throughout a childs life, especially during infancy, has been found to cause obesity in children. For instance, a childs upbringing post-partum has been known to alter their microbiota. In turn, it was found that these alterations in their microbiota are connected to obesity. Although it is unclear whether variations in the microbiota are the cause or result of obesity, a connection between the two was found in a study by Kalliomaki et. al, 2008. This study compared children who were classified as obese to children of normal weight in the same age groups and were age-matched by the following features: birth method, BMI at birth, gestational age, duration of breastfeeding, use of antibiotics, probiotic supplementation, and atopic sensitization. It was found that children with higher levels of Bifidobacterium species in their microbiota were of normal weight, whereas higher levels of Staphylococcus aureus numbers were found in children with obesity. Therefore, environmental influences play an important role in influencing a childs health as well as health outcome, such as obesity. Overall, a shift in the Western society poses various environmental challenges that have been found to contribute to childhood obesity, such as an increase in physical inactivity, sociodemographic features, and diet. Thus far, it seems as if nurture plays a much larger role in the obesity epidemic. Conclusion- Nature and Nurture in Harmonious Interplay Although most cases of children with obesity may result from influences on their nurture, who is it to say that they single-handedly cause childhood obesity. There may be a synergistic type of effect, in which an individuals genetic makeup may put a child at risk for obesity and on top of that environmental influences may drastically increase this risk. For instance, every individuals body makeup is predetermined by their genetics, in which ones genetics may interact environmental factors, such as stress, drugs, etc., that may alter their genetics, specifically a genes expression. It is impossible to eliminate ones genetics, so although it seems as if nurture plays a larger role in leading to childhood obesity, it may have a synergistic interaction with nature. For this reason, I believe that nature and nurture are in a harmonistic interplay when it comes to childhood obesity. That being said, since environmental influences play a huge impact on childhood obesity, whether it be adjoined with nature or alone, as a society, we can easily help prevent childhood obesity and stop the obesity epidemic. In addition, our families play a huge and important role in our development, making this is a great starting point to prevent childhood obesity. For instance, it was found that tackling obesity as a family greatly improves physical activity and encourages healthy weight loss (Healthy active living for children and youth, 2002). At large, both nature and nurture factors need to be addressed, in regard to childhood obesity, to help diminish their influence on the obesity epidemic, as well as subsequent health problems.

Should Smoking Be Banned Public Places - 941 Words

To Smoke or Not to Smoke There are many reasons why individuals choose to smoke despite the warnings and dangers. Smokers normally start from a young age trying to fit in with the crowd, look older, rebelliousness, or just experimenting. As these individuals get older they try to cope with the stresses of everyday life by continuing to smoking. It makes them feel more relaxed and at ease. Whatever the reason is, it is a hard habit to break once one starts. For many smokers today it is getting hard to find a place to smoke. Comedians joke about going to another planet just to light up. Smoking should be banned in public places because smoking is just as bad for nonsmokers as it is for smokers. The effects of secondhand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke could be life threating. The first report of the Surgeon General s Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health was released on January 11, 1964. The committee concluded that cigarette smoking was a cause of lung cancer and lar yngeal cancer in men, a probable cause of lung cancer in women, and the most important cause of chronic bronchitis (cdc.com). According to a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries approximately 21,000 deaths of lung cancer could be attributed to second hand smoking (Pallis, et al. 494). Emphysema is another smoking related disease, which is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies have been conducted in mice to correlate the serum cotinine level withShow MoreRelatedShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?864 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is one of the practices which is considered highly dangerous to our health because it impacts the smoker and the people around them. There are approximately one billion smokers. Smoking is a big issue that the nonsmoker faces. For example, when the smokers smoke in public places like restaurants, universities and other public places it hurts the non-smoker. The non-smoker breathing the cigarette, marijuana or hookah smoke from the smoker do both of them are breathing toxic chemicals. In aRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?950 Words   |  4 Pagesday I walk in to public place with a friend right away we sat down to eat, we were having a conversation later we smell cigarette smoke in the air. I start coughing from the smell of smoke. I also notice a lot of customers who like eating dinner at a public place smoking cigarette. Smoking is a big health problem I feel it is not fair to take away cigarette for people who smoke in American who desire smoke cigarette. Even thought the same as the concession is able to be taking place on this topicRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?885 Words   |  4 Pagesday I walk into public place with a friend right away we sat down to eat, we were having a conversation later we smell cigarette smoke in the air. I start coughing from the smell of smoke. I also notice a lot of customers who like eating dinner at a public place smoking cigare tte. Smoking is a big health problem I feel it is not fair to take away cigarette for people who smoke in American who desire smoke cigarette. Even thought the same as the concession is able to be taking place on this topicRead MoreSmoking in Public Places Should Be Banned Essay474 Words   |  2 PagesSmoking in Public Places Should Be Banned I feel very strongly that smoking in public places should be banned. I will list my reasons for my thinking below and explain why I think this. I cannot stand walking down a street behind someone who is smoking. Every time they exhale I then have to walk into a cloud of their smoke. My clothes smell, because they have been saturated with the smoke, it gets into my hair too. It also affects my health. It was found that sevenRead MoreEssay on Smoking In Public Places Should Be Banned463 Words   |  2 PagesSmoking In Public Places Should Be Banned There should be rules enforced for smoking in public places. Smokers just do not know the negative influence they are spreading. A puff of cigarette can harm a smokers health. When I go to a restaurant I do not like to leave smelling like smoke. It is the same going to a garbage dump, and smelling like garbage. I am not a smoker, and I cannot stand having the stench of smoke on my clothes. The smell of smoke is not harmful, but secondhand smoke isRead MoreSmoking Should be Banned in Public Places Essays1464 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the past few decades it has come to light that smoking kills. The federal government mandates that every pack of cigarettes carry a warning on it that smoking can lead to health problems including death. But the messages are rather clinical, for example: â€Å"Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy.† Smoking is a danger to one’s own health but there is now evidence that smoking can affect others as well. Second hand smoke has been shown to cause cancerRead MoreEssay Smoking Should NOT Be Banned in Public Places730 Words   |  3 PagesSmoking Should Not Be Banned in Restaurants      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the perfect situation, smoking policy would be set by bar or restaurant owners, and customers would patronize the establishments with the policy they prefer. Customers would decide-without the governments help-if they want to avoid smoke-filled rooms or enter them. They might even choose to sit in an area sectioned off for smokers or non-smokers, but the ultimate issue is choice (Ruwart 1). When the government starts telling restaurantRead MoreEssay about Smoking In Public Places Should be Banned766 Words   |  4 Pages Do you mind people smoking around you in public places? According to the pro-smoking group Air Initiative 7 in 10 of you do. Do you think it is fair to discriminate against smokers, forcing them to stand outside and smoke? On the other hand is it fair that non-smokers should have to inhale second hand smoke which can dame their health? (Do you support this ban or do you oppose it?) Personally I oppose it as I believe that non-smokers shouldn†™t be subjected to a smoky environment on a night out.Read MoreNationwide Smoking Ban: Smoking Should be Banned in All Public Places899 Words   |  4 Pagesthe public about its dangers in 1972 (Schick Glantz, 2005). Do people knowingly have the right to put others’ health at risk? No, they do not. Exposure to cigarette smoke is a public health risk. Therefore, smoking should be banned in all public places, nationwide. There has been no attempt to impose a national smoking ban by the U.S. government. All current bans are in place because of state and local legislation. Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights lists the various state and local smoking lawsRead MoreEssay about Smoking Should be Banned in All Public Places1133 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking Should be Banned in All Public Places Every year thousands of people die because of having cancer or other tobacco related illnesses due to smoking. Smoking is seen everywhere from our own television screens to even the world wide web; the internet. Tobacco is the substance that is in these cigarettes. These tobacco products are promoted through tobacco ads that are found almost everywhere you turn. They are in magazines, television screens, on the internet

How to Build Social Media Campaign Free Essays

How to build social media campaignHow to build an effective social network marketing campaign By :- Gaurav Shah (39) Abstract- Social media is growing rapidly, a study conducted shows that 79 % of big corporation leverage social media to engage their customers and they are using innovative ways to build buzz, foster communication, improve products, and cultivate long-term brand awareness and consumer trust. It doesn’t matter whether you’re a seasoned producer of award-winning viral campaigns or are just learning how to create a  Facebook  profile. The beauty of social media is that you don’t need experience; you only need to learn a few basic rules. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Build Social Media Campaign or any similar topic only for you Order Now Social media is not so much a new idea as it is a way to communicate ideas, and the nature of a good idea hasn’t changed. The same marketing principles from 50 years ago apply today; they are simply communicated in a different way. The basic principles behind a successful social-media campaign – engaging content and authenticity – apply whether you are launching a celebrity-driven viral campaign or a simple online contest to drive website traffic. Designing the campaign, from concept to content to delivery, is where you can be creative; to design a good one requires careful analysis of your goals and your target audience’s behavior in order to deliver a message that engages in the most effective and interesting way possible. Still, even with so many variables, most successful social media campaigns are modeled after prototypes that employ proven promotional tactics and conventional marketing psychology. The challenge is not so much in the concept, but rather in its execution. 1. Raise brand awareness by hosting an online game or contest. 2. Drive valuable traffic to your social network with a free giveaway. 3. Grow consumer loyalty by giving consumers a stake in your brand. 4. Build brand equity by aligning with a higher purpose. How to cite How to Build Social Media Campaign, Essay examples

Social Work and Love of Humanity

Question: 1. Which practical and technical skills enhanced your creativity and resilience during your field placement? 2. With reference to the BHCS program, which units/learning material has been useful to maximise your field placement experience? 3. With regards to your individual field placement, which new skills have you aquired and which factors determined this process? Answer: 1. Practical and technical skills My intellectual skill was the main center in case of practical and technical skill that helped me in improving my creativity and flexibility at the time of field placement. The onsite professionals guided me to have a track of my own self-awareness in terms of emotions and capabilities. Moreover, I focused on Australian Red Cross so that it can motivate to attend English classes. On the other hand, I advised my supervisor to introduce drinks and food to boost the people to attend class. I faced some challenges on certain levels during my placement to reach out to professionals and colleagues but this helped me know my own capabilities. Apart from that, I gave one suggestion to my facilitator of football that instead of playing football for 45 min we can plan for 30 min and the remaining 15 min can be used for giving English lecture. Therefore, slowly we can encourage them to attend English session along with continuing lesson. Thus, I can point that my creativity thinking helped in i mproving my resilience. 2. Units or Learning Material The major units of BHCS program have been productive to boost my field placement experience. The Dynamic of Group Work, Working with Community and Developing community and Social Policy were effective to provide me better experience. The Australian Red Cross Migration Support Program was valuable in providing support to immigration detainees, refugees, asylum seekers, etc. Therefore, group was formed in order to attain the expected objective (D'Cruz and Stagnitti, 2009). On the other hand, the Australian Red Cross was involved in community development. It worked for saving the life of the people and provided necessary medical aids such as blood donation to people having emergency condition (Briskman, 2005). The clients that were highly vulnerable, health and welfare support was provided. Apart from that, Australian Red Cross provided benefit to disadvantage people for implementing social policy (Duffy, 2010). Therefore, I worked with 14 people of different nationalities so that stron g relationship can be build. 3. New Skills acquired During my placement phase, I consider myself lucky to attend professional development training along with onsite psychologists. I was able to address the emotional intelligence and was able to arrive at conflict resolution which really helped me in working effectively in worst environment situation. On the other hand, I learnt different personal and professional skill at my placement area. I developed a flexibility characteristic in myself in the event of changing environment and it helped in me placing my personal and political emotion. Moreover, I did not let my emotional feeling to come into play while making tough decision. However, I discovered communication skills while working with Australian Red Cross. I carried telephonic questionnaire with the clients of Red Cross to know their feedback. The interpersonal skill was gained which helped me in interacting with the clients and providing solution to their issues and problems. I discovered leadership skill in me and participated in organizing function, meeting, etc. Further, I generated support skill feature and provided ample support and guidance to the clients. References Briskman, L. (2005). Reclaiming humanity for asylum-seekers: A social work response. International Social Work, 48(6), pp.714-724. D'Cruz, H. and Stagnitti, K. (2009). When parents love and don't love their children: some children's stories. Child Family Social Work, 15(2), pp.216-225. Duffy, M. (2010). "We are the Union": Care Work, Unions, and Social Movements. Humanity Society, 34(2), pp.125-140.